การแก้ไขปัญหาความยากจนแบบเบ็ดเสร็จและแม่นยำในจังหวัดสกลนคร

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Keywords

Abstract

The objectives of this research are as follows

1) to develop a poverty information system and monitor assistance of Sakon Nakhon
2) to monitor and analyze data on the poor and support the mechanism of spatial development to solve of poverty in Sakon Nakhon.
3) to synthesize data on the area at the household level. Area Based Development on poverty alleviation of Sakon Nakhon is to make policy recommendations.

The target groups are households who are out of the Basic Minimum Needs Household Necessities Information. The methodology used a participatory process into three phases. Phase I, Implementation of a poverty information system and assistance monitoring. Phase II, data analysis, data return.
Phase III, Implementing a pilot program and establishing policy proposal. Research data was gathered from both primary and secondary sources.

Primary sources include questionnaire collection, interviews, and a forum to collect opinions from the target group. Secondary sources comprise community plans, basic needs information, and community needs information. The pilot project is implemented based on an analysis of development needs guidance from area data. According to the research findings, there are two systems and mechanisms that are consistent with objectives

1) information management systems and mechanisms
2) spatial systems and mechanisms for poverty alleviation.

1. Information management systems and mechanisms
   1) Finding and reviewing accurate information
   2) Searching for household capital for holistic development approach
   3) Forwarding information to relevant agencies for accessing state welfare
2. Spatial systems and mechanisms for poverty alleviation
   1) The university role in solving poverty problems
   2) The local and district agencies roles in advancing policy proposals
   3) The community role to create a poverty management unit
   4) The household role for building breakthrough potential through capital in five areas

1. Information management systems and mechanisms
1.1) Finding and reviewing accurate information The survey started with Thai People Map and Analytics Platform (TPMAP) data, which is a survey based on the Basic Household Necessities Information that did not qualify the MPI criteria and was enrolled in the state welfare. It is measured on the Poverty Index in five dimensions: health, well-being, education, income, and access to government services. It was found that Sakon Nakhon had 15,390 poor people according to TPMAP, or 8,449 households. However, there were also 2,241 households from a survey of the Basic Household Necessities Information who did not qualify the criteria and were not enrolled in the state welfare. Therefore, the researchers targeted the poor households of the project using survey data from the Basic Household Necessities Information that unqualified. This includes both households with and without the state welfare cards, totaling 10,690 households, or are referred to as poor people who do not meet the MPI criteria. A review of the target poor population based on TPMAP in each district of 10,690 households with a total of 770 volunteers was conducted between July and September 2020. The tool was a five-sided capital questionnaire. It was found that 9,882 households were surveyed, representing 92.44% of the total surveyed household members 37,689 people. Problems found in the data survey, for example, the target poor households did not provide information because they were already wealthy, some households were civil servants, some households migrated to other places, households did not work at home during the survey, and households did not provide information on income and savings, etc. Thus, the data in the questionnaire is incomplete, resulting in incomplete surveys to meet the goals. Considering by districts classified by capital in each aspect with the highest average, it was found that Wanon Niwat District had human and financial capitals, Kham Ta Kla District has physical and social capitals, Khok Si Suphan District has natural capital. But if considering the landscape characteristics of Sakon Nakhon i.e., Kut Bak District is the pilot area (valley landscape) with the most physical capital and the least social capital, Song Dao District (mountain) has the most physical capital and the least human capital, Akat Amnuai District (river basin) has the most physical capital and the least social capital, Phon Na Kaeo District (Nong Han river basin) has the most physical capital and the least social capital, Mueang District (urban area) has the most physical capital and the least social capital, and Tao Ngoi district (Rajabhat village area) has the most physical capital and the least social capital. As revealed in Figure 4.9, most districts have the least social capital due to lack of participation in the management of community organizations similar to human capital. The reason may be that the household members are educated in primary and lower grades. On the other hand, most districts have the most physical capital because most households have their own housing, utilities and information technology, etc.
1.2) Searching for household capital for holistic development approach The target poor peoples capital data was analyzed from considering the relationship of living capital derived from the spatial support system for poverty alleviation. It was found that physical capital was the most followed by human capital, natural capital, social capital and financial capital, respectively. Overall, the target households have relatively good infrastructure necessary for their livelihood, such as residence, transportation, electricity, water supply and information technology equipment, etc., but still have debts even if they are savings members of financial organization. If community capital from secondary data is analyzed together, it can be seen that community capitals are very conducive to poverty alleviation and livelihoods of the target groups. In addition, the system also categorizes households into four traits on capital base lead to development that meets the point of poverty. But, it also requires qualitative data analysis to accurately identify the scarcity, needs, and capital potential of each household.
1.3) Forwarding information to relevant agencies for accessing state welfare A review of target households revealed 418 households outside the target TPMAP from volunteers and community leaders. Households who needed help both in and out of the target group, especially vulnerable and dependent groups, such as handicapped, bedridden patients, homeless, etc., according to the details of households and in need of assistance, a total of 260 households were referred to Sakon Nakhon Social Development and Human Security. The agency then examined the information and made a home visit by Community Development Volunteers, and was ready to provide assistance according to the plan in three phases: long-term (agricultural area/local plans), medium-term (occupation/housing) and urgent-term (helping/subsidizing/re- habilitating/forwarding) If information management systems and mechanisms are implemented accurately and comprehensively, factors and retarding that lead to poverty traps can be analyzed resulting in households being defined as problems of living. Even though there is supportive and beneficial community or household capital, a household may be trapped in poverty if it is driven by lack of opportunity and inequality. Hence, the alternative operating “Poverty Alleviation Model” should be based on capital and livelihoods and require a period of time to adjust the household mindset to create learning and change. This requires the use of systems and mechanisms of relevant agencies, including the government, the private sector, and the social sector, who live together in the same society and must arise from common problems, in order to lead together to solve this difficult problem. The research team, therefore, proposed a model to solve Sakon Nakhon that must integrate the work to analyze the data and create a database of local households operating by relevant agencies in a concrete and continuous manner.

2. Spatial systems and mechanisms for poverty alleviation Holistic and accurate poverty alleviation of Thailand is a national strategy, so it must integrate cooperation with all relevant agencies. Sakon Nakhon provides five main agencies to look after according to the dimension of people who are out of the Basic household Necessities Information Criteria. For example, the Community Development Office is responsible for the income dimension regarding occupational development to generate income. The Public Health Office is responsible for the health dimension of community health promotion to reduce non-communicable diseases. Sakon Nakhon Provincial Office for Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for drilling artesian wells for the community. Sakon Nakhon Provincial Agricultural Extension Office is responsible for agricultural extension. Even Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University gain knowledge from research studies to solve local problems. If these agencies that involve in the development and upgrading of peoples quality of life are aware of the problem of poor households problems and needs, it can lead to a holistic poverty alleviation process using the same database i.e. One Data and One Plan.

2.1) The university role in solving poverty problems The university plays a role as a local intellectual capital in implementing the holistic and accurate poverty alleviation project that acts as an important mechanism to support and link data from a single poverty-saving platform to work with various departments within the university and its network partners. It is made for a driving force to solve poverty in many dimensions and coordinating assistance from the household level, province, and country according to the aspiration of being a university for area development. A team from Development Capital Service and Management Unit for Area Level acts as a consultant and supports the universitys work so that it can carry out the process in accordance with the project objectives. The university has worked with partners both inside and outside.

2.2) The local and district agencies roles in advancing policy proposals Tackling poverty is the implementation of the 20-year national strategy. The framework for this project must be clear and come from the participation of all sectors in the area. It also reports empirical results and is an important partner to advocating for the policy to support the poor on the spot. The roles of these agencies can be divided into two levels.

1) Policy level, Mr. Monsit Paisanthanawat, the governor of Sakon Nakhon agreed and delivered the policy to drive the project through the Center for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development of All Ages according to the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy of Sakon Nakhon under the same data set as the university, making it more accurate. The governor also suggested that it must be selected the target households who are ready to solve the problems. As a result, the pilot project “Kut Bak Model” at Kut Bak District is driven together with Mr. Preecha Maneesoi, the sheriff of Kut Bak District. The sheriff responded to the policy towards development with the local and district leaders. They create awareness of local storage, cooperate in providing information, and pushing for poverty alleviation in the area. Therefore, it can be effectively implemented as an example of development for other districts in the future.

2) Operational level is the operational role of community leaders, households, and local operators.

2.3 The community role to create a poverty management unit Official leaders, such as sub-district headmen, village headmen, sub-district practitioners, district practitioners or informal leaders, such as VHVs, community sages, volunteers from various agencies, are the closest to the household. The community performs a search, review, and in-depth searching of poor households that do not appear in the database. It is useful for them to get the state welfare which is to help low-income people across the country comprehensively. Community leaders also select households to participate in poverty alleviation project and training programs to promote vocational skills for improving quality of life, such as Kut Hai Village pilot project, Kut Hai Sub-district. The target households participating in the development project were selected by community leaders and local farmer development practitioners. Community role is an important mechanism for acknowledging information that is closely related to poor households. Thus, local agencies should assign information management duties to practitioners or volunteers. For the first year, the research results have not been able to push for the creation of information management units in the community, but only show empirical evidence to community leaders and local administrators in recognizing the importance of poverty alleviation platforms by finding, reviewing household data, and providing assistance based on poverty. It is the basis for creating project proposals in the annual action plan for occupational development of poor households or to develop infrastructure for the poor as well. For the second year, the project will focus on building a community information management system or encouraging data manager volunteers.

2.4 The household role for building breakthrough potential through capital in five areas Implementation of the pilot project is an example project of development from the potential capital and strength of the target households. It shows that the target households want to break out of the poverty trap, believe in their own potential in order to use as a way to get out of poverty, and do not want the next generation to be poor. After farming, they grow vegetables as a supplementary occupation. It has been developed into safe vegetable growing. They are as well as ready to learn about technology and ready for social changes, such as learning about innovations in water pumps and the idea of safe vegetable community enterprise named “Saab Vegetables Bueng Aka”. It is resulted in reducing time for watering vegetables, accessing to funding sources, and receiving production factors from government agencies. Households are ready to learn new knowledge and be ready to accept the changes that might occur after the formation of the enterprise. In addition, it has contributed to the proposal of poor household development based upon four types of characteristics, namely, more difficult living, difficult living, adequate living, and good living. It is to direct help from other agencies to the point which appropriate with the context of the area and the needs of the poor, such as the establishment of the Fund for the Poor, etc. Households play a crucial role in tackling poverty as it is the first unit of a government survey to be labeled as “poor”. It is an opportunity and a threat that arises in their life. They might get production factors, gain knowledge to enhance professional skills, improve quality of life, take care of the five dimensions of poverty for family members, receive compulsory education for their children, and receive scholarships to support career building, etc. On the other hand, it may cause a burden on their own potential development. They express that they do not want to be among the poor group because they do not have time to go to vocational training. They have to cut rubber tree plants. Hence, the research results provide information for target households to know their own household capital, help adjust their mindset by displaying income and productivity data, and show their skills and abilities to build a career, jobs, and income. It can be seen from the households participating in the Vegetable Planting Project around Akha Swamp. The income from the vegetable cultivation in the period of five months has made about 210,000 baht. The income of the expander is about 5,000 baht per month. Furthermore, they have an idea to grow more vegetables because nowadays consumers prefer to eat safe vegetables more. They also want to have Nangfa Bhutan mushrooms cultivation as a supplementary occupation after farming. It shows that households have a positive attitude towards solving poverty through the household capital for living with human dignity in accordance with the basic necessities that do not create future burdens and debts in the future. Accurate data management systems and mechanisms at the household level must come from data surveys, reviews, and correct data systems. Accurate processing leads to a system of addressing spatial poverty based on the roles and duties of those responsible for overseeing aid policies, support, and service. This depends on the different contexts of the area, culture, traditions, career capital, and household capital. But in the end, it was to pursue a model of poverty alleviation to lift the poor out of the poverty trap. Their income exceeds the poverty line, and their quality of life depending on living is better. It brings to eradicate poverty from Thailand.